Biface, quartzite tool, Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian), Libya

Biface, quartzite tool, Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian), Libya

The tool is a Mousterian biface, made of quartzite. The artefact comes from Libya and measures approximately 9.5 x 6 x 2.5 cm.

The general form is ovoid, with sharp edges obtained by abrupt and semi-abrupt retouch, characteristic of the Mousterian culture (Middle Palaeolithic, circa 120,000-40,000 BC). The biface was knapped by direct percussion and has an approximately axial plane of symmetry, which suggests versatile use, probably as a cutter or a tool for working hides, but also with possible application as a striking weapon.

The surface patina, apparent in the degree of polish and in the secondary micro-chipping, indicates genuine age and an archaeological context particular to the North African region. The relatively careful working of the edges and the ratio of thickness to length show a good degree of technological standardisation, consistent with the Mousterian traditions attributed to Neanderthal hominins or, in some cases, to archaic Homo sapiens.

• The Mousterian culture (circa 160,000-40,000 BC) is associated mainly with the Neanderthals of Europe and parts of West Asia.

• It is notable for a stone-working technology known as the Levallois technique, which allowed blades or pieces of controlled shape to be struck from cores prepared in advance.

• The typical Mousterian tool is the scraper, used for working hides and wood.

• They were made of flint and were far more sophisticated than older (Acheulean) tools, marking an important evolutionary step in the control of raw material.

• The cultural context implies groups of hunter-gatherers with a rudimentary social organisation, but with cooperation advanced enough for group hunting and for caring for injured members - there is evidence of basic medical care among Neanderthals.

• Art proper is not clearly attested among the Mousterians, although there are debated traces (occasionally pigments, or traces of perforation on shells) that may suggest incipient forms of symbolism.